A main subject of philosophy of science is the reconstruction of scientific theories. Not only scientists are holding theories but everybody else, namely theories about everyday knowledge. In this article two geometric theories of this kind are reconstructed. The reconstruction is performed under the structuralist view of theories. It turns out that there are important differences between scientific theories and everyday theories, concerning the intended applications as well as the logical status of the concepts.

The following article is a response to K. Mainzer's ‘Knowledge-Based Systems; Remarks on the Philosophy of Technology and Artificial Intelligence’. We show, that Mainzer does not reach any of his aimsto analyse the possibilities and limits of AI-technology.to reduce anxiousness and hostility against AI, which is motivated by phantastic speculations.to evaluate the factual impact of AI on our lives and on society.His article contributes on the contrary to phantastic speculations, which are not technologically justified in any way. There are two (...) main reasons for his misleading view: (a) the state of the art of knowledge-based systems is incorrectly described; (b) the roots, paradigms and alternatives to AI are not in the least sufficiently analysed. We examine issues (a) and (b) in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. In Chapter 3 we discuss, how the conclusions, which Mainzer draws, have to be modified. In analysing the lines of argumentation of Mainzer we try to clarify the methodological errors and the philosophical attitude of Mainzer, which is in many respects not adequate to the subject of the article. (shrink)

Homo Mysticus presents three renowned lectures delivered by Wolfgang Struve from 1974 to 1984, translated into English in this volume. Philosophical and mystical experiences are finally given expression in this remarkable collection.

Leibniz was an outstanding mathematician of the 17th century and one of the most original philosophers of European history. Against this background it is astonishing that the ideas of Leibniz concerning probability have to date not been appreciated by mathematicians and philosophers. In this article the most important work of Leibniz with respect to probability theory, his De incerti aestimatione , is analysed. Here Leibniz deals with the 'problem of points', the then famous problem as to how to divide justly (...) the stake when two players have to break off a number of prearranged games. The correspondence between Fermat and Pascal about this problem is regarded as the birth of probability theory. Yet, Leibniz favoured another solution to both of these. We reconstruct the underlying normative ideas of Leibniz and of Fermat and Pascal and show that they are equally sound and justifiable. (shrink)

Are empirical theories empirically testable? In this article Theoretische Begriffe und die Prüfbarkeit von Theorien V. Gadenne comes to the conclusion that theories are testable. On this basis he criticizes the non-statement view which asserts the contrary. It is shown that this criticism, however, is erroneous.

One of the most famous critiques of the Leibnitian calculus is contained in the essay “The Analyst” written by George Berkeley in 1734. His key argument is those on compensating errors. In this article, we reconstruct Berkeley's argument from a systematical point of view showing that the argument is neither circular nor trivial, as some modern historians think. In spite of this well-founded argument, the critique of Berkeley is with respect to the calculus not a fundamental one. Nevertheless, it highlights (...) central aspects of the calculus that are characteristic of modern scientific theories. (shrink)

Une des grandes figures de la philosophie russe du XXe siècle, qui s'est voulu le Job de la philosophie, en lutte avec la raison et ses évidences, avec les représentations de Dieu et avec Dieu lui-même.

Монография посвящена основам познания - дискретности Природы, или ее блочно-иерархическому строению, и правилу блочно-иерархического отбора. Достоинство правила БИО в том, что оно простое и проверяется на практике.

Leibniz is one of the founders of calculus, a starting point of modern mathematics. A crucial point in the understanding of Leibniz' calculus is the concept of differential, especially differential of higher order. In this article we discuss the first successful application of differentials of higher order, namely the determination of the radius of curvature. 1692 Jakob Bernoulli determined three formulas for this radius. Leibniz was not satisfied with the proofs of Bernoulli and published two years later a new elegant (...) deduction. The article is a reconstruction of Bernoulli's and Leibniz' approaches showing the ingenious work of Leibniz in this field. (shrink)

Knowledge-based systems - Utopia and Reality. The following article is a response to K. Mainzer's 'Knowledge-Based Systems; Remarks on the Philosophy of Technology and Artificial Intelligence'. We show, that Mainzer does not reach any of his aims - to analyse the possibilities and limits of AI-technology, - to reduce anxiousness and hostility against AI, which is motivated by phantastic speculations, - to evaluate the factual impact of AI on our lives and on society. His article contributes on the contrary to (...) phantastic speculations, which are not technologically justified in any way. There are two main reasons for his misleading view: (a) the state of the art of knowledge-based systems is incorrectly described; (b) the roots, paradigms and alternatives to AI are not in the least sufficiently analysed. We examine issues (a) and (b) in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. In Chapter 3 we discuss, how the conclusions, which Mainzer draws, have to be modified. In analysing the lines of argumentation of Mainzer we try to clarify the methodological errors and the philosophical attitude of Mainzer, which is in many respects not adequate to the subject of the article. (shrink)